JHM:生物炭在土壤-植物降雨淋溶系统中固定全氟辛酸(PFOA)的一年期研究:残留组分与代谢组学视角
2025-07-07 17:19

本文要点
研究背景聚焦于全氟辛酸(PFOA)在土壤-植物系统中的环境风险。PFOA作为典型全氟烷基物质(PFAS),因强水溶性和生物累积性,易通过降雨淋溶垂直迁移至地下水,并被植物吸收进入食物链,威胁生态安全和人体健康。全球土壤中PFOA浓度高达50,000 μg/kg,传统污水处理对其去除率有限(20–60%),亟需开发高效控制策略。生物炭因其多孔结构和吸附能力被视为潜在修复材料,但长期动态系统中PFOA的固定机制及植物代谢响应尚不明确。
研究亮点在于首次通过360天温室模拟实验,结合化学分馏与代谢组学技术,揭示生物炭对PFOA的长期固定机制:1)稻壳生物炭(500°C热解)显著提升PFOA吸附容量(162–260 μg/g),固定62.1–94.9%的PFOA于土壤表层(0–10 cm),淋失率降至<0.09%;2)首次阐明PFOA在生物炭作用下的老化路径——快速形成难解吸组分(90天内占比>25.9%)并持续转化为不可提取残留物(NERs);3)代谢组学证实2%生物炭维持生菜正常代谢,4%添加量进一步激活类黄酮抗氧化通路(如槲皮素上调),增强植物抗逆性。
全文主要内容涵盖动态土壤-生菜系统的综合评估:1)双土壤类型(江苏A土与内蒙古B土)和双生长季实验表明,生物炭(2%/4%添加量)将PFOA主要截留在改性表层土壤(93.4–94.9%),深层土壤残留仅3.46–6.02%;2)化学分馏揭示PFOA固定机制:生物炭微孔(141 m²/g)和芳香结构通过疏水作用/π-π作用吸附PFOA,促使其从可解吸态向难解吸态(90天内占比升至38.1%)及酯键结合NERs(360天增至12.6%)转化;3)生菜代谢响应显示,2%生物炭通过降低PFOA生物有效性(根/叶浓度<15.5 μg/kg)维持光合色素与D-氨基酸代谢稳态,而4%生物炭额外上调类黄酮合成通路(如荭草素),缓解氧化损伤(MDA含量降至0.015 μmol/g)。
研究结论确证生物炭在土壤-植物系统中的长效修复潜力:1)生物炭通过物理截留(微孔限域)和化学老化(NERs形成)双重机制抑制PFOA迁移,淋失量降低>99%(对照组57.3%);2)代谢调控表明低剂量(2%)生物炭即可消除PFOA植物毒性,高剂量(4%)进一步诱导抗氧化防御;3)实际应用中需关注土壤差异(B土PFOA回收率64.9% vs. A土96.9%)及长期老化效应,为PFAS污染农田修复提供技术支撑。
图文导读

Fig. 1. PFOA leached from (A) soil A and (B) soil B systems with or without biochar amendment.

Fig. 2. Temporal dynamics of PFOA concentration and relative fraction distribution in topsoil (0–3 cm) of soil A and soil B with or without biochar amendment.

Fig. 3. Vertical concentration and absolute fraction distribution profiles of PFOA in soil cores of soil A and soil B with and without biochar amendment.

Fig. 4. PFOA concentrations in leaves and roots of lettuce grown in soils with or without biochar amendment, harvested on two growing seasons (d 55 and 90 for the first season, d 270 for the second season).

Fig. 5. Photosynthetic pigment (A), MDA contents (B), and Photosynthesis parameters (C∼F) in lettuce leaves for different treatments. The transpiration rate was abbreviated as E; the stomatal conductance was abbreviated as gsw; the net photosynthetic rate was abbreviated as A and the intercellular CO2 concentration was abbreviated as Ci.

Fig. 6. (A) Metabolite intensity changes across treatments compared to the control. Dark blue, red, and gray shades indicate downregulation, upregulation, and no significant change, respectively. Bright blue circles highlight PFOA-related metabolites. (B) Heatmap of 45 differential metabolites across four treatment groups. Asterisks (* or **) denote significant differences from the control (FDR < 0.1 or 0.05). (C) Metabolite set enrichment analysis comparing treatment groups to the control. Red font indicates significant upregulation (FDR < 0.15).
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